Learning To Play Cello:
As An Adult
New To String Instruments

Preliminary self-teaching by the book
and then with instructors

Updated: 5 February 2023

Started: 19 February 2021

Contents:

Appendix

Introduction

As an adult new to cello as a first bowed string instrument, this summarizes experiences starting with self-guided education “by the book” and then with instructors.

I had never touched a cello prior to 2021.

At roughly two months, face-to-face sessions with an instructor began before any “bad habits” would have possibly formed. After a year and cross-border relocation, purchased a cello and found a local instructor.

Topics covered here include: techniques, tips, on-line resources, relevant apps, published books, so-called “print” sheet music (now widely on-line, apps, etc.), accessories, sequence in which to upgrade each and of course the cello itself and future considerations.

Having started in Canada, I began with– and highly recommend– Royal Conservatory of Music materials. After returning to America, I switched to Suzuki Method due to my second and third instructors' familiarity.

This will be updated with new information as appropriate yet represents one person’s current state of learning. This document gets continuously edited and updated– rather than expecting you to wade through a series of blog posts from incremental learning. See Changelog for major updates and corrections.

Seemingly random items sprinkled throughout are notes to myself but also there for sharing with curious minds.

Overview

Potentially, you could learn on your own.

Books referenced below were written as the means to that end. However, having your own personal guide makes more efficient use of your time.

Let this document augment your own teacher’s (or author’s) instruction as secondary guidance for perspective or counter-point.

Not everyone has access to an instructor who has been playing cello for decades around the world, performs in a major metropolitan symphony orchestra, is an accomplished soloist and chamber performer– who is also excellent at teaching.

Hopefully, this saves someone a few months of background effort– beyond actual practice time, because there’s no substitute for practicing.

As many others also advise, having a private instructor is ideal.

Having in-person one-to-one (1:1) sessions are best because your teacher can directly inspect your posture, fingering, bowing and intonation which leads to immediate corrections and avoiding bad habits.

In my sixth weekly lesson, I was beginning an activity that closely resembled “sightreading” but obviously using that word loosely and with humble apologies to anyone within earshot at the time.

That lesson corresponded with my three month anniversary of having first touched a cello or any other bowed string instrument. Daily practice was typically 30-45 minutes with cello plus time on either side for warm-up and stretches indicated by a qualified physical therapist (physio therapist).

Details of all that follow.

At six months, I relocated back to America. Physical practice paused for one month during that transition. Picking the cello back up began with a thorough review from these notes alone. After 12 months of daily practice, the rental was returned and a more advanced model purchased.

In-person lessons continued with a graduate student in her final semester under a notable professor. We continued after her graduation until she moved away. At my 17th month, we began Shifts from First Position through Fourth without aid of tape or any markings on the Fingerboard.

The Least You Need To Begin

TL;DR

Begin with items in this summary for an excellent place to start an expedited search.

  1. Begin learning and practicing without a cello or bow, at least initially:
  2. Get books and other learning materials
  3. To help you practice while being in tune:
  4. While initially learning scales or otherwise unintentionally making squeaky/screechy noises, consider using a practice mute
  5. When you discover for yourself that recommendations from various books, videos, articles, etc. appear to contradict one another…
  6. Important accessories:
  7. Potentially unexpected items:
  8. Break through the Bootstrapping Paradox (or “Catch-22”)

Further elaboration on each point above is sprinkled throughout this collection below.

Other items will be revealed all in good time.

You’ll find those along with further instructions when searching as you need them, so there’s no rush for such things prematurely.

If you must…

An impatient reader may jump to results of self-learning, 1:1 instruction and discoveries along the way of both paths. It’s full of spoilers, so that section is towards the end of this document with only appendix material following. If you must, cut to the chase, but remember that the journey is at least as significant as the destination– and possibly more so– for someone new to cello as an adult.

Mentally Prepare For A Spiritual Journey

Learning to play a new instrument as an adult can be a spiritual journey.

Learning requires discipline: commitment, regular practice, effort for cresting the learning curve and mental fortitude of perseverance.

That same description could easily apply to honorable military service or meditation.

As an adult new to cello as a first bowed string instrument– release any combative stance stemming from unfortunate childhood music lessons. That’s water under the bridge and now gone.

Read words of guidance. Watch videos of others' experiences. Hear wisdom of your personal instructor. Yet when practicing, also heed your own intuition such as when you’ve had enough for that day.

Begin. Then continue.

Hearing someone learn to bow or learn fingering positions while still developing dexterity can be unpleasant, but this is where we are at this stage of practice. Be okay with that. (Yes, there are such things as “practice mutes” covered in another section, but this is about one’s mindset.)

For the student, focus on one thing at a time.

Without spoilers for early lessons with an instructor:

For instance, find your Left Hand finger position first and hold it here without playing the note. Return to proper posture. Position your Right Hand for bowing that note but still without playing the note. Go through your mental checklist to release any tension and maintain healthy angles for wrists, elbow, shoulders, etc. Then and only then, play the note. Again, focus on only one item at a time.

My first instructor noted that even as someone playing cello for forty years, it continues being the same sequence. Of course, it eventually all happens much more quickly as experience and dexterity mature.

Also as a student, focus upon what you’ve accomplished by each stage!

Consistent tone will come.

Squeakiness will fade.

Keeping the bow in its lane will happen.

Fingers will find their positions for accurate notes.

These things require “muscle memory” which takes practice to develop.

Be patient.

Most importantly, be grateful at each stage for what has been accomplished thus far!

Lesson Sheet Music Files & License

Exercises below with links to sheet music downloaded from this site generally use files for Musescore software. It’s open-source free software available for BSD Unix, Linux, Mac and Windows. Apps for mobile devices are also available on their sheet music repository and community website, Musescore.com.

Downloading sheet music associated with exercises below are offered with a CC0 License: full liberty for using or modifying those pages for your own interests, including commercial use.

Links to other sheet music, blogs, videos, etc. each are the property of their respective owners.

Sheet music recommended by my first instructor– for those who would rather avoid nursery rhyme style songs commonly used for teaching young children:

Research

Collected research, annotated over the course of self-learning and working with an instructor via in-person lessons:

Learning Materials

Overview

Self-guided learning books are great for easing into the idea of playing cello or when no other option is viable, but there’s no substitute for a good 1:1 instructor.

The Conservatory approach makes for better musicians because of its focus on fundamentals like singing solfége and dancing to the music as well as performing it, plus learning to accompany piano. Music theory is taught on piano regardless of your instrument of choice.

Because not all cello instructors are adept enough at piano, Suzuki Method yields the most practical path for finding good instructors.

Accompaniments in Suzuki books use the same instrument. Suzuki Method students on other instruments learn many of the same pieces. Therefore, your cello playing can accompany another student on a variety of other instruments all while remaining within the garden path of Suzuki Method.

Finally, everything else mentioned in this larger document becomes supplemental for a holistic music education and eventual performance.

Suzuki Method

Suzuki Method comes with the most supplemental resources beyond materials they have published themselves.

It’s incredibly valuable having examples to see, hear, follow and play-along while learning. While this ideally would be another cello in the same room, we don’t always have that opportunity. Recordings with variable speed playback might be a suitable substitute.

A quick search on a video platform gives high quality results:
suzuki cello book 2.

The first video within search results was Suzuki Cello Book 2 Tutorial Play-through which includes close-up video of Left Hand fingering and Right Arm bowing. The video description provides bookmark links for jumping to each song corresponding to the printed book. Individual songs from Cello Studio also include the music notation for following.

An in-person cello instructor can play the accompanying part from the same book. For Suzuki, these accompaniments use the same instrument as the student.

That detail is both a strength and weakness.

It’s useful because many instructors local to you might only know their own instrument proficiently. It’s limiting because much of being a musician is playing with others who are on different instruments, so learning to do this sooner than later would make a stronger musician.

By contrast, the Royal Conservatory material uses a piano accompaniment.

Finally, early books within Suzuki Method cello series use an arrangement of each score specifically to accommodate checking a note with an equivalent open string where possible. This gives immediate feedback to the student on whether finger position is correct or not. This is particularly useful when learning Shifts in Book 2.

Royal Conservatory of Music

The approach taken by the Royal Conservatory aims for producing well-rounded musicians.

The overall curricula which spans many years begins with singing and using solfége before touching an instrument. Their program goes on to include dancing for a tactile quality of embracing the music to be performed. Music theory is taught using a piano keyboard– regardless of the student’s instrument of choice.

RCM Cello Series books are just one component of a holistic learning environment.

For those of us unlikely to attend one of the Royal Conservatory institutions, the printed books might be all we ever get to experience of this excellent tradition.

Unlike with Suzuki Method, finding supplemental materials becomes challenging.

For instance, try finding videos of a cello performance using the specific arrangement from any particular volume of the RCM Cello Series. While a simple search immediately reveals ideal results for Suzuki Method, RCM falls short here.

However, the approach of RCM encourages practicing and performing with another musician, which in turn makes for a more holistic education!

Other Books

These are viable options for exploring cello before committing significant time and money, and it’s always worthwhile having the additional insights that these authors bring.

For learning without an instructor, the following books will help you begin.

For those learning with an instruction, books might augment what an instructor provides.

Searching For Videos

This collection of notes began with a simple search on a video platform: beginning cello.

Videos from Jonathan Humphries came up first.

From there, recommended videos included those of Sarah Joy.

Note that many video streaming platforms rank search results based upon several factors. These include age of the content, number of views of the video, time since most recent upload, etc. Recently active channels are not necessarily an indication of the best content for learning, but the ones above provided an excellent starting point.

With more specific searches, such as “cello bow hold” (not “grip”), the following emerged. Be sure to also explore their channels and playlists.

Please send each of them some Cello Love by perusing their videos, channels and patron offerings (e.g., Patreon). Many of their videos contain valuable resources within descriptions of videos.

Violoncello or just ‘cello to friends and modern players

For deeper research, note that the word cello was originally an abbreviation of the historical term violoncello. Expand search results further with spellings from other languages, such as violoncelle and celle.

Early sheet music where copyright has long since lapsed into Public Domain may refer to it as such.

Rent vs Buy

Rent for 6 to 9 months, and only if still committed, buy.

When buying, aspire for an intermediate to advanced model instead of a basic student version. However, be careful to not get a cello– or any tool for that matter– that is too far beyond your abilities because that leads to frustration, which in turn limits chances for success. This will make more sense after six months of dedicated practice and more so after tape on the fingerboard has become completely unnecessary for you.

If considering a used cello, comparison shop on reverb.com to determine a fair base price. However, when purchasing from a local shop with an in-house luthier, you are also establishing a relationship with them. Therefore, a lower price via internet or mail order isn’t always worth the discount!

Necessitating such a relationship with a local luthier:

Some maintenance requires specific tools and specialist knowledge for using those tools, and for that, become friends with a local luthier or music shop with one in-house.

Selecting A Music Store

Search for “violin shop”, as the violincello exists within the violin family of instruments. However, a quality general music store might be just as good.

Finding a local music store from which to rent a student cello involved disregarding reviews about each merchant from familiar websites like Yelp. Complete context is almost always omitted in those reviews, and many reviews have probably become irrelevant due to staff or ownership changes.

Instead, go and make up your own mind.

Visit each shop and speak with relevant staff directly.

In smaller cities and towns, there might be only one “orchestra” or “strings” person for that store, and that person might not be available the day you go. Likewise for their luthier: ask about their experience with setup for a cello specifically.

Visiting each store myself was best, as the websites didn’t match the reality of each store’s inventory.

For instance, one has far more selection available to rent or buy than appears on their website. Another is a national chain, so their website includes entire categories unavailable within the local store, such as orchestral strings being completely absent locally.

More than simply speaking with the correct person, engage in a dialog about where you are as a student, what are your aspirations, how much you would ideally spend, etc. Be especially realistic about your current level and budget.

Help them so they can help you!

Suddenly, nearly all negative on-line reviews of various music stores become meaningless.

For those curious:

Traditional Acoustic vs “Silent” Electric (or Avoid Disturbing Neighbors)

Learn the traditional instrument for building a proper foundation.

For some, practicing with a conventional acoustic wooden cello appears to be a non-starter due to risk of disturbances to neighbors.

Fortunately, there are options:

  1. Use a removable practice mute on a conventional acoustic cello (least expensive)
  2. Get a “practice” cello (median)
  3. Rent or buy a “silent” electric cello (most expensive)

After migrating to a cello that is the last step before intermediate/advanced models and playing an acoustic with a quality practice mute, I recommend that configuration over an electric (unless, of course, you have the luxury of having two cellos).

However, there are factors other than the cello itself that may be more significant due to physics.

Consider that the cello endpin (spike) propagates vibration/sound to the floor, and materials for constructing the room and floor might function like a giant speaker cabinet (resonance chamber).

  1. Conventional house or apartment building with less than 7 storeys:
  2. Modern mid-rise or high-rise apartment or office building:
  3. Sound propagation beyond the room can be mitigated and managed:

Practice Mutes:

Categories of mutes available that get placed temporarily on the bridge:

  1. Clam-shell clamp style:
  2. Round friction-fit “tourte” style
  3. Metal-framed rubber-coated “hotel” mutes
  4. All-rubber mutes

The best is sold by WMutes which ships from Spain:

Alternatively:

See an informative comparison of the Artino versus WMutes by Richard Narroway so that you may make an informed decision.

Practice cello:

O’Cello:

YUMI Travel Cello:

Prakticello:

Electric or “silent” cello:

Yamaha Silent cello series

NS Design

Others reviewed by Cello Central and Electric Cellos, what NOT to buy.

If curious about options for MIDI cello, read what Electric Violin Shop reports on the matter.

Accessories & Environment

Essentials:

Eventually:

Maybe Later:

Self-Guided Lesson Planning

Initial lessons without an instructor were going “by the book” which is Vera Mattlin Jiji’s Cello Playing for Music Lovers.

Her book is best when augmented with other books:

First is the true classic, Complete Cello Technique, The Classic Treatise on Cello Theory and Practice.

It was written by Diran Alexanian with preface by Pablo Casals, who commented that “everything worthy of note will be found in it” as paraphrased by the translator.

The 2003 Edition contains the original 1922 French and English translation side-by-side.

Next is another classic, Cello Technique: Principles and Forms of Movement.

This was written by Gerhard Mantel and translated by Barbara Haimberger Thiem. It includes practical physics immediately of use for the musician and describes physical exercises to build dexterity and strength that would benefit any cello player.

An excellent point recurring through that book is, “a movement executed with the least effort is easiest to control.” (Chapter IV, p.39)

That may be restated or augmented with: playing becomes easier when we stop trying so hard, or don’t think so much, and just feel it.

“Mistakes are not failures but conditions of learning.” (p.62)

Other resources for adult learners:

See also other sections such as Bow Hold & Bowing Technique.

Posture & Ergonomics

Ergonomics is not a luxury!

Gravity, not pressure:

Posture:

Joining posture with motion, Amit Peled’s video is the most comprehensive and self-contained explanation that I’ve found to date:

Additional material on Right Hand bow hold and Left Hand fingering with classic instruction from notable cello great, Andre Navarra, are below in the following subsections.

Seat:

Sheet music stand: position, orientation and ergonomics:

Eyeglasses / corrective lenses, if applicable:

If doubtful whether eyeglasses may assist:

Bow Hold & Bowing Technique

Highlights:

Full instructions:

In addition:

Finger Positioning

While some Left Hand positions may be comfortable enough for early pieces when learning, those same positions become limiting for intermediate and advanced pieces. This single issue tends to limit many self-taught musicians and applies to several instruments including guitar.

At various stages of learning, continue experimenting with different positions of the Left Hand. Be mindful that some hand positions accommodate extensions and slides (such as the one described next), while other positions optimize playing across strings within the same position (e.g., a phrase entirely within First Position).

The cello is a very ergonomic instrument but takes experience to recognize it as such.

For understanding proper angle of fingers as each meets the Fingerboard, try this exercise:

That description corresponds to the diagram on Cello Technique: Principles and Forms of Movement, p88 of Barbara Haimberger Thiem’s translation.

A decent instructor will correct each of these aspects– all in good time:

Starting with a slightly incorrect Fingering positions may be appropriate in the beginning. Playing out of tune due to slightly misplaced finger positioning may be appropriate in the beginning.

After adjusting to proper Finger Positioning, returning to earlier exercises for a while again may be appropriate.

These are all things where a good instructor will guide you as you progress, and as you progress, your Left Hand frame and finger motion will change.

But remember: what may be easy/comfortable in the beginning could become limiting when playing more advanced pieces.

Shifting

A shift occurs when moving between different positions such as First Position to Fourth Position.

The primary difference between a shift versus slide is whether this occurs during a bow changing direction or while the bow is in motion, respectively.

That nuance becomes fundamental to performing an efficient shift, especially for beginners.

When shifting:

Much of the practical advice above came from each of my three instructors as a beginner; however, it wasn’t until my third that it finally stuck. Partly, this was due to performing more varied sheet music from Position Pieces and building upon those prior experiences.

From Pablo Ferrández:

From the late cello great, Andre Navarra:

From Jonathan Humphries

From Sarah Joy

Playing Higher vs Lower

Note that “up” with respect to notes or key means “closer to the bridge” and is a reference to pitch.

My first instructor suggested this memory device:

Rather than looking at the instrument as being nearly vertical, perceive it as if laying flat on its back (but never lay it on its back, even if only briefly– ever).

Then, top of the bridge becomes its highest elevation.

Thus, “up” and “down” seem reasonably applicable.

I never paused to ponder up/down again after that advice!

No Left-Handed Cello

For the record: I’m left-dominant and play a standard cello without compromise or concern.

When this topic occasionally arises on a particular forum, many left-handed cellists comment that their playing on a regular model has been an advantage.

The added dexterity of Left Hand fingering and smooth control over shifts and slides offered by being left-handed provides that advantage.

While someone somewhere probably has a “left handed” cello– one that is the reverse of a conventional version– such things are more trouble than they’re worth. It’s largely a non-starter for beginners unless having a custom-built cello since the soundpost and bass-bar would need to be swapped. Those are such fundamental components during initial construction of a cello that their placement receive much consideration when selecting wood for the top and positioning each cut. Then, the bridge must be reversed, as that is not a symmetrical shape but requires a custom template and custom shaping. Etc.

Finally, the conversation-ending point usually mentioned in those forum discussions: when playing in an orchestra, quartet or other ensembles, a left-handed cello would fail to keep with the motion of your peers within that section or group. That becomes visually jarring to the audience, and it introduces logistics issues for the often limited space on stage. And so on.

Therefore, pursue it at your own peril.

Weather

As humidity fluctuates, tuning and performance of a cello can change.

Wood inside a cello is sanded but unfinished, thus susceptible to humidity. Wood contracts in low humidity dry and expands in high humidity.

In the high desert of Idaho, I use:

First Tuning

Open Strings

There’s a problem for a beginner musician with an untrained ear for that particular instrument. How would you know if the instrument is in tune? While you might find it by harmonics, is it possible to accidentally tune it to the wrong key?

This can be done with another instrument of the same kind.

Without a second cello available, searching the internet for recordings of open strings became problematic. Each sample was too short for use as a reference by this beginner student. One day, a brief note should be enough but not yet.

There are generic devices for tuning any instrument, but again: what octave?

There are apps for tablets and other software available dedicated to the cello, yet there’s a more musical way to go about this. This is less about proper calibration of the instrument from an engineering perspective than also training the ear of the student.

Developing the ear is more important than perfect calibration, like the parable about teaching someone to fish rather than feeding them a single meal.

Search the Internet for name of instrument plus “drone” and the desired note. e.g., Cello Drones Circle of Fifths – playlist

See also the section, Frequencies & MIDI Reference.

Tuning Pro-Tips

When using a tuner or app with tuner function (e.g., Cello Coach), tuning or playing “higher” is with respect to acoustics, not physical direction. Therefore, higher means “closer to the bridge” along the fingerboard when playing a note, and it means “tighten the string” when tuning.

Likewise, “up” with respect to notes or key also means “closer to the bridge” in position.

(While on the subject of up and down: “up” bow vs “down” bow can be remembered by holding the bow across the strings as usual and then rotating your wrist such that the bow’s tip points to the ceiling. From that orientation, “up” and “down” bowing would match the physical directions. That might be easier than remembering pushing the pointy end means up and pulling the frog means down.)

When tuning with traditional wood pegs, turn each peg slightly. See How to tune a cello with the pegs for Nan’s concise instructions.

Pegs:

With wood pegs and most geared pegs, forget about rules when using a screwdriver or light-bulb. (It’s more like threads on bicycle pedals which are threaded relative to which side is being tightened.) Therefore, think in terms of rotating the shaft to which each string is attached:

Rotate as if rolling away from the bridge when tightening.

Another tip when tuning if you have fine-tuners on the tailpiece below the bridge, occasionally loosen the fine-tuners almost completely and then tighten the pegs more. This resets capacity for fine-tuners to do their job as strings stretch over time. If they’ve been tightened and tightened, eventually there will be no more tightening available.

For geared pegs, expect a 4:1 (or 8:1) exchange ratio: four turns of the knob is required for one whole rotation of the shaft to which the string is attached. When geared pegs are used, the instrument likely omits fine-tuners.

Finally, when strings break it’s most likely to occur while tightening a tuning peg or immediately afterwards. Therefore, hold the cello away from your head while tightening a peg and plucking the first note. Ideally, hold the cello at arm’s length (rather than merely turned away).

References:

Frequencies & MIDI Reference

The driving question for “day one” with a rented cello was how to acquire an adequate reference of each note, suitable for tuning a cello by someone completely new to playing the instrument. (Vera Mattlin Jiji’s book had not yet been delivered, and she addresses this situation.)

This was only an issue because of my own ignorance with music theory and naming conventions. This could have been simply resolved by searching an audio or video service for “cello” plus “drone” and the desired note. e.g., Cello Drones Circle of Fifths – playlist

These drones– notes sustained with far greater accuracy than a beginner is likely to accomplish– also facilitate ear training for Relative Pitch which becomes useful feedback for correctness while playing. (See also Relative Pitch section below.)

For reference:

Note:

References:

MIDI note numbers and center frequencies

Caveats When Applying Tape To Fingerboard

Each piece of tape applied to the fingerboard slightly alters acoustics of ebony (wood).

Maximum width for tape to use is 1/8th inch (0.5mm).

Ensure that the tape is acid free which may be stated as pH neutral (or pH balanced) on the label.

The wider the tape, the more it may disturb the acoustics. (Otherwise when applying tape, find each note, apply tape, and confirm that one note before continuing to find the next note and definitely before applying the second piece of tape. Otherwise, each subsequent note may be slightly off key, especially with student grade cellos that might have less than true ebony wood fingerboard. Re-confirm tuning after applying all tape as a precaution.)

When applying tape, play the D string because it’s easier to read for some low-end tuners bundled with student cellos.

Beware of tape other than the ChartPak brand specifically. Alternatives may have different adhesives that are difficult to remove. ProTape is another good brand but may need to be cut down to 1/8th inch width.

Regardless of which tape you use, change it seasonally because adhesives break-down over time and with use. As a student, we tend to apply more pressure than necessary, which compounds this issue.

Locating First Position

First, some background.

The sequence of notes along each string begin with the note for which the string is named, of course. After open strings and starting from the Half Position above First position, each note follows the progression of notes including sharps/flats:

A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# A

Remember that an octave is nominally written with same note letter at beginning and end. Also, G♯ is the enharmonic equivalent of (or “identical” to) A♭, yet E♯ is the enharmonic of F, which is consistent with the omitted ebony keys on a piano keyboard. Whether to use G♯ versus A♭ should make sense within context of the Circle Of Fifths, and these subtle differences become nuanced when beyond beginner or intermediate stages.

When facing the fingerboard from perspective of the audience:

C   G   D   A
=============
C♯  G♯  D♯  A♯
D   A   E   B   First Position finger 1
E♭  B♭  F   C
E   B   F♯  C♯
F   C   G   D   Third Position finger 1
F♯  C♯  G♯  D♯  Fourth Position finger 1
G   D   A   E
A♭  E♭  B♭  F
A   E   B   F♯
B♭  F   C   G
B   F♯  C♯  G♯
C   G   D   A   Higher octave than open string
C♯  G♯  D♯  A♯
D   A   E   B
E♭  B♭  F   C
E   B   F♯  C♯

Distance from the nut to the first note on each string (C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯, respectively) decreases for the next note (D A E B). This span to reach each subsequent note continues to decrease along the Fingerboard until the Bridge. For most players, this tapering within each clustering of 4 or 5 notes should be imperceptible, but changing from First Position to Fourth Position requires a noticeable adjustment.

For initially locating First Position without tape or other markings:

On a full size (4/4) cello, my hand’s width is sufficient to span from edge of the nut to approximately where my fingertip would go for First Position. Your hand is likely a different width, so you’ll need to discover an equivalent for yourself while using a tuner or after tape has already been applied.

That’s a useful exercise for trying different cellos even when you might otherwise rely upon tape being on the Fingerboard.

Preliminary: Physical Warm-Up & Stretching Afterwards

Daily Warm-up

Isometric and Isotonic Exercise

Physical exercises pertaining to musicians come in two varieties: isometric and isotonic which mean “equal strength” and “equal tension” respectively.

One without the other leads to an imbalance.

Exercises in the book, Cello Technique, describe several.

Finger push-ups: with fingertips on a flat surface, explore different finger motions such that all fingers move fairly equally.

Fist-to-palm rotations: one hand held as a fist presses into the palm of the other, and rotate the fist back and forth. There should be a fair amount of friction felt at the contact area, but also feel the muscles in the fist hand around that arm’s elbow.

Roughly 2/3 energy should be used. That’s not enough to become exhausted but enough to engage appropriate muscles.

As always:

Inquire with your personal physical trainer, physical therapist (physio) or similar professional to accommodate your individual needs before embarking on any course of physical exercise.

First Lessons: Self-Learning

This should obviously be seen as an incomplete method, so see also: First Lessons: Self-Guided and First Lessons: with instructor 1:1 below.

Reading Notes From Sheet Music

Jonathan Humphries:

See also Vera Mattlin Jiji’s book, as noted below.

Hand Positions: Left & Right

See also Finger Positioning and Bow Hold & Bowing Technique above.

From Hans Zentgraf

From Virtual Sheet Music

History

Taking a break from practice for absolute beginners and delving into a bit of history maintained the overall cello theme without adding fatigue.

A recommended video somewhere along the way included the making of a violin. It might also be suitable as “ASMR” for strings-geeks, making of a violin by Mirecourt, Dominique Nicosia, Luthier.

Lots of recommendations for videos and other products seem to conflate members within the family of stringed instruments, so be vigilant of that.

A quick search for making of a cello brought a few short clips plus a lengthy presentation from Museum of Science, Boston.

Solving the Stradivarius Secret - William F. “Jack” Fry and Rose Mary Harbison covers physics of acoustics including materials, position of the bass bar, position of the peg, strategic wood scraping of inside the instrument for fine adjustments, the “tongue” and why there are two pieces of wood glued together to form the back.

One of the various history or “making of” videos also mentioned that the glue used is weak enough that the instrument should come apart rather than crack under certain conditions. That’s a feature, not a bug.

See also Cello Physics and History sections below.

Circle of Fifths

The cello is based upon half tone intervals and fifths. (A half tone may also be called a “half step” or “semitone” and varies by nation and culture.)

From Music Matters

From Gracie Terzian, see her video channel:

From Brian Kelly

First Lessons: Self-Guided

Sources

This began by following guidance from the book, Cello Playing for Music Lovers, by Vera Mattlin Jiji, PhD. (Other books were discovered later.)

For me, her directions were complemented by instruction from videos, blogs and podcasts from current noteworthy cello soloists such as Johannes Moser and Alban Gerhardt, who has most of his full-length content on Patreon.

The late great cellist, André Navarra, is also represented in following subsections.

Earliest videos that laid the crucial foundation were mostly from Jonathan Humphries.

As a taller person (over 6ft/185cm), guidance from Johannes with added context from Alban– despite describing himself as not tall– were most suitable for my circumstances. (Interesting point of view of a player with long fingers and broad reach; try playback speed of 0.25 to appreciate it!)

Ultimately, all of that self-learning and discovery was further corrected once working with an in-person instructor.

It’s too easy for self-learners to dwell on insignificant details for our stage of practice while also being completely blind to more serious flaws that could be easily corrected. A good teacher helps with finding that balance with you.

The major section below on First Lessons addresses those points.

The Book

The first book used here:

As noted in a subsection just below:

The simple act of bowing open strings carries multiple nuances to consider at the beginning, middle and end of each stroke, and this number is larger than our minds can possibly consider simultaneously.

While professional soloists describe their first hour for warm-ups that might also begin with bowing open strings while reading the daily newspaper, the student however requires devoting full attention to this particular task.

Early lessons when beginning or returning after a hiatus should have bowing of open strings as the sole daily practice for at least a couple of weeks.

Augmenting the physical practice with reading about music theory proved fruitful later when the instructor introduced certain material.

Using this book strictly for these exercises was worth the price in my experience.

However:

Camera setup

As mentioned earlier, recording video of yourself playing helps you observe details too numerous to track while playing as a new learner.

(Eventually, a full length mirror may suffice. Small steps…)

Video Recording

Avoid plugging a webcam into a hub.

For attaining best audio/video quality:

OBS Studio

OBS Studio is commonly used software for capturing high quality video or for streaming.

It’s free (Libre), open source software of high quality, and it’s available for Linux, Mac and Windows. (Apparently no direct BSD support at this time, but Linux emulation might work; sorry, friends.)

Using settings above, OBS Studio produces .mkv files:

Self-Guided Lessons

When you can perform the exercises with sufficient quality and grace, there’s a simple test to confirm that you are ready to move on to the next phase:

Can you perform while maintaining a natural smile?

When the answer is yes, you’ve habituated to the actions such that those motions are now part of your subconscious.

Bowing Open Strings

Based upon Vera Mattlin Jiji’s book with further assistance from Andre Navarra - My Cello Technique (English subtitles by Cello Australia), focus is on:

Beware of visual anomalies due to wide angle of most webcams and their loss of depth-of-field, so ensure that you’re actually measuring what you think you are!

Feedback from watching videos of self:

Further exercises and considerations from Kirin McElwain –and my first instructor– recommend:

To do:

Playing From Simplified Sheet Music

Various simplified versions of J.S. Bach’s Suite 1 Prelude may be found by searching the Internet.

This is the one that I have been using:

First Lessons: with instructor 1:1

Instructor

Initial sessions should be in-person because video chat becomes cumbersome for crucial early instruction.

There are lots of little things that a good instructor will observe and be able to make recommendations. There are questions that the student is unlikely to know enough to ask. There are so many reasons for having an instructor.

It’s a privilege being taught by someone with forty years of cello experience and an active member of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, Vancouver Cello Quartet, an accomplished soloist and chamber musician.

I’m especially grateful as an adult new to the instrument.

(Spoilers: Without his guidance, it’s highly unlikely that I would have begun sightreading after a mere three months since first touching a cello or any other string instrument.)

A good instructor is one who knows those squeaks and choppiness for what they actually are. Many students have been overly apologetic for believing their early playing to be torturous to their instructor. The “good” instructors have the patience to help you through this phase at your pace.

Moving at your own pace is key:

Much of learning comes through discovery.

Therefore, a good instructor facilitates discovering things like overtones for yourself– all in good time.

One footnote to “moving at your own pace” is that good instructors nudge their students along to ensure progress, which keeps you from fixating on insignificant details or on aspects that naturally develop with practice, perseverance and dexterity in due course.

Video conferencing with an instructor

Initial instruction would be best with a teacher in the same room, but circumstances may prohibit that.

Next best thing is using video conferencing app/software over the Internet.

However, video chat services are typically optimized for human voice and may need to be configured to prevent a musical instrument from being considered background “noise” to be filtered-out.

Tips to improve the quality of calls between instructor and student:

Ideally:

Search the Internet for your particular app/software for more current guidance.

Posture

Bow hold

Caveats:

When you see someone like Johannes Moser’s video on bow hold, bow arm and related exercises, understand that those are advanced lessons– not necessarily suitable for an adult new to cello.

The handle “wiggle” observed of many accomplished cellists will come in due time. Expect that this may take years to develop. Account for longer period of time for adults new to cello who might not be as flexible as a child that is still growing and body still changing.

Understand that all this will become automatic through “muscle memory” and is how the cello can be an ergonomic device when used correctly.

Right Hand: Bowing Technique

Exercise to get the feel of the elbow motion and upper arm rotation:

  1. place your right hand on a flat surface
  2. Such as top of a closed grand piano (which you have in every room, no?)
  3. Something a bit taller than a kitchen or dining table will do
  4. While maintaining that shoulder at a fixed height
  5. enforce right shoulder height by resting the left hand on it
  6. Raise your right elbow slightly
  7. This requires a slight rotation at wrist and shoulder joint
  8. Again, height of shoulder remains fixed while that joint rotates

Augmenting my teacher’s instruction: for maintaining bow to be perpendicular to each string, rotate with fingers (rather than at wrist) for bowing straight.

On-going work:

Exercise:

Left Hand: Fourth Position

My first instructor guided through the use of First Position but exercises begin with Fourth Position.

Fourth Position is easier to find for new students than First because it is where the fingerboard meets the cello body (resonance chamber).

Exercise 1 – Finding Notes:

Exercise 2 – Finger Dexterity:

Once comfortable with those basic exercises– even though notes will still be played out of tune– name each note before playing it!

That is, say the name of each note out loud before actually playing it.

Begin as usual by finding the note with Left Hand, then focus on Right Hand bow hold, and before playing the note, say the note’s name. Finally, then and only then, play that note.

Of course, make subtle refinements until your Tuner indicates that the note is correct, and play it again correctly more than the number of times that were incorrect.

Experiences:

Left & Right Together Again

Third lesson with instructor:

Exercise – Spock Hands:

Exercise – Bowing near and far from bridge:

Exercise – Half & Quarter Bowing:

Exercise – Left hand finger press & lift combinations:

Exercise – Slide from First Position to Fourth Position:

Introspection:

Purchased a wedge-shaped seat cushion (10lb density foam) for improving posture in playing position.

Scales in one and two octaves

First and foremost at this stage, go back and re-read the section on mentally prepare for a spiritual journey.

Fourth lesson with instructor:

He suggested improvements in technique on bowing the lower strings, G and C. When starting on an up-bow at the tip, more pressure needs to be applied.

By way of analogy for those who have driven cars without adaptive all-wheel drive, when the drive wheel slips such as on wet pavement, it’s because the wheel accelerated too quickly.

Just as a wheel that slips continues to slip until releasing and starting again with proper traction, so too a bow that slips continues to slip and never quite gets traction on the string.

It’s all about balancing sticking (friction) and slipping (inertia).

Pressure gets applied via index finger without any perceptible motion or rotation by the finger or hand. As stated earlier, maintain the proper bow hold which means a grip so loose that the bow may nearly fall to the floor. (In fact, if you haven’t actually dropped your bow a few times in the beginning, you have yet to find that sweet spot. After all, it’s difficult finding this threshold without crossing over it, which in turn means experiencing the bow actually falling out of your hand.)

The rationale for applying this extra bit of pressure at the tip on an up-bow: due to the heavier gauge of the lower strings, more work is required to move each to a state of vibration. By work, this is the term from physics: work equals force times distance. With less distance available to vibrate the string for the same note, more force is required.

By contrast, at the frog, there is naturally more weight on the bow due to gravity’s effect on the right hand.

Therefore, slightly more pressure is required for the tip.

The key word in all this is slight. Any increase in pressure is very subtle, very little increase compared to remainder of the bow stroke.

Exercise – one-octave scales in First Position:

Exercise – two-octave scale in G Major:

Arpeggios in one octave

An arpeggio is playing a scale but with only the first, third, fifth and eighth notes.

For purposes of an exercise at this stage, play the one-octave version.

Exercise – Arpeggio in one octave:

This was the last lesson that the instructor would mention notes to play by finger number.

Other aspects of the lesson focused upon traction of the bow specifically to an up-bow versus down-bow.

Essentially, consider that due to rosin on bow hairs, bow hair “grabs” the string from one side or the other. For an up-bow, the bow hair pushes the string. For a down-bow, the bow hair pulls the string. The practical implications of this are imperceptible when performed by an experienced cello player, but the student would need to exaggerate the effect in the beginning.

Playing a real song!

Moving beyond scales and arpeggios, the sixth lesson with a private instructor involved sightreading (for some loose definition of sightreading).

It sounds more challenging than actually was because of his graceful style of teaching, being so accommodating and having utmost patience for a student’s learning curve.

He mentioned the title, knowing that I would probably not associate correctly. He played the first few bars which he knew by heart. “Ah, yes, that one!” He presented its sheet music. We discussed aspects of the particular notes used and their arrangement. Finally, he prompted me to name and then play each note of the first line. (Needless to say, the pace at which my notes were actually played had little resemblance to the familiar tune, but we each have to start somewhere!)

My first instructor selected this from sheet music published by the Royal Conservatory of Music in Canada: Cello Preparatory Level Repertoire, 2013 Edition, rcmusic.com.

Beethoven’s Ode To Joy is the first song in the booklet and instantly familiar to most when hearing it even if not recalling it by that name.

There are sixteen bars (measures) with all notes played in First Position, making for an ideal first piece.

Continue with previous guidance when learning your first piece:

  1. Read the note
  2. Name the note
  3. Play the note

Of course, each item is loaded with a multitude of sub-steps.

Reading each note first requires understanding time and key signatures. Applying the key of D Major involves transposing each F note to be played as F#. (C# was unused within the sixteen measures presented.)

Naming each note means speaking its name out loud. Its first notes are: F# F# G A.

Prior to actually playing each note, check-in with yourself to ensure proper posture. Release any tension.

When playing the note– then and only then– look at any Finger number information as an aid. Just don’t let it become a crutch!

And so on.

Since familiar tunes might annoy others nearby while you learning it, consider using a practice mute.

Other collections of études commonly cited, in alphabetical order by composer:

Experiences:

Some challenges were observed while practicing this week’s lesson.

Improvements:

Remember to take breaks!

The number of things that your mind is juggling right now is an achievement in itself, so account for physiological effects of learning. For instance, your body temperature may rise while practicing. Alternatively, it might lower if holding too much tension!

Second song

Seventh week with an instructor:

Adjustments and refinements:

The second piece of sheet music was Au clair GE la lune (not to be confused with Debussy’s Clair Ce Lune).

Grasping this piece as music rather than a collection of notes was elusive. The accompanying CD contains tracks with the accompanying piano and with just the piano.

However, getting a better sense of the proper notes for cello still eluded me. This was largely due to my own squeaky and strained notes while reading and playing. A huge help came from transcribing those sixteen measures into Musescore and having its software synth perform the notes as a cello solo.

It was crude but effective– poor sound quality due to my cheap computer gear.

(Because that is a copyrighted arrangement, my version of it has been omitted.)

When doing this for yourself, be sure to properly apply all of the tempo, dynamics and other marks in your version of the score. It should appear on screen exactly as it does in the book. The Musescore software synth adjusts its intonation accordingly.

F Major Scale & Finger Extensions

Eighth week with an instructor:

We also discussed how humbling the learning curve can be.

This session marked my second full month with a proper instructor– as opposed to time just getting acquainted with the instrument, reading a self-guided instructional book and following along with videos from an Internet search.

While practicing and playing before the instructor, I experienced cognitive stalling– for lack of a more accurate term. It’s like the difference between stammering versus stuttering. This form of mental stammering while playing manifested as a momentary lapse of being able to read and/or process a particular note on the sheet music, even though the piece is virtually memorized at this point.

Be okay with that.

Children stammer when learning to speak, and learning a new musical instrument has many parallels with learning to speak a new language. A first bowed string instrument, then, is not unlike learning your first language.

Slurred Notes With A Slide

Again, a set of slurred notes are those where the Left Hand fingering changes while the Right Hand bowing continues uninterrupted. On sheet music, the notation for this is a curved line just above or below the sequence of notes being joined.

Lesson 9 with an instructor introduced no new material, but he directed a new combination of existing techniques: two octave scales with slurs for every pair of notes. Optionally, try for triplets too.

Apply this to each of the C Major, G Major and F Major scales that start in First Position. Remember that G Major ends in Fourth Position, and F Major includes a Finger 1 stretch (noted on sheet music as 1x) and ends in Third Position.

When reversing G Major and F Major scales, the slide along the A string from E back to D also involves landing on a different finger. This may feel a little mind-bending at first, but that’s the delicious bit of this particular learning curve!

Most importantly, have fun!

On that note, we discussed thoughts on practice versus performance.

(When practicing, it’s valuable to be self-critical for purposes of correcting mistakes. Then, practice the correction twice. Once is for countering the mistake. The second is for having practiced the correct version more than having practiced the mistake.)

He suggested that when practicing, focus upon one thing each time: fingering, bowing, intonation, timing, rhythm, keeping the bow in its intended lane, etc. Use a mirror or video camera when appropriate, etc.

Beyond that mode, it’s important to also practice a few rounds of playing through the entire piece without being self-critical:

Play the piece for the sheer enjoyment of performing it.

I would add:

Play through for the enjoyment of performing it at least as many times as having played while critiquing, so then you are practiced in performance while enjoying your own performance!

Second Lessons: self-guided after interruption

Overview

Due to extenuating circumstances, cello practice can be interrupted for weeks.

This section pertains to returning to daily practice.

In my situation, there was a six week hiatus.

Cognitive Scientists found that we lose fluency after only four weeks. For those of us still learning, we should simply accept that this decay is much faster for us.

Therefore, it’s imperative to begin again.

Beginning Again

Understand this as an opportunity to strengthen those neural pathways where the foundation has already been laid.

Continuing Again

The goal isn’t to land where you left as quickly as possible but instead to build upon the foundation and muscle-memory that has already been constructed.

From experience:

Moving through material from early lessons went steadily and quickly.

There was a new quality previously not present, almost as if the break in continuity became a net benefit!

Other factors crept into awareness such as arm fatigue hitting much sooner than before, so cadence or duration of earlier practice sessions remained out of reach for several weeks.

Incidentally:

After the unintended break from practice, it became much easier watching the bow’s tip while playing than before.

Previously, attempts at watching the tip was distraction enough that it became difficult keeping the bow in its lane.

Now, watching the tip became one of my primary method for tracking consistency of bowing.

Center of gaze remains where the bow makes contact with the string. Crucially, however, softening the gaze accommodates increased attention to peripheral vision for observing tip of the bow and bow hold of the Right Hand.

(This is observing the bow’s tip from playing position, as I have yet to re-acquire a mirror or tripod suitable for practice.)

Progression

If you haven’t started playing music as phrases while reading sheet music, it’s definitely time to begin.

Experiment with different posture, endpin length, hand frame, Left Arm angle, Right Arm bowing motion, etc. What was appropriate as a beginner may have room for improvement. Go back and re-watch videos of more experienced players, and compare and contrast their techniques with your own.

All of this leads to constructing questions in your mind, which in turn propels the student to find the right instructor.

The instructor that was right when beginning might not be best for continuing, and that’s fine. A student driver isn’t likely to remain with the same teacher to become qualified for racing, either.

Second Year & Second Instructor

Second Instructor

A new instructor was required due to relocating and having a strong preference for in-person 1:1 sessions.

This instructor was found by contacting faculty and staff at nearby colleges and universities. Inquiries were made with local music stores and luthiers.

My second instructor is a graduate student in Music Performance recommended by her professor who is a notable cellist and author of Cello Secrets book and numerous articles in Strings magazine.

Having someone enrolled or recently graduated with a Music Performance degree seems ideal at this stage of my learning path. She is closer to having originally learned herself, compared to someone who has been performing in a major metropolitan symphony for decades.

She also had a variety of classmates, each facing their own learning curves. By comparing notes or sharing stories with them, she accumulated a repertoire of how different people learn.

For instance, she recommended a change in posture and endpin length based upon others of comparable height. (Whereas my previous instructor performs on a 7/8 cello, so these factors were less of an issue for him.)

Most importantly, she’s an excellent instructor and performs beautifully. It was clear to see her enjoyment while performing with a fellow student just before graduating.

Cello Purchase

After nine months to one year of regular practice is generally time to upgrade from a rental to owning a cello.

In more practical terms, it’s time when playing scales such as F Major and G Minor Melodic accurately without tape on fingerboard.

For me, tape was re-introduced for learning new music and also because the new cello had such rich tones that it was a worthwhile crutch while becoming accustomed to it.

The approach to “cello tasting” could be a book onto itself, but make an appointment to try several cellos within your target price range. Travel to another city if necessary to gain experience of numerous cellos. Avoid purchasing without this hands-on session.

New Books

Upon the recommendation of the new instructor, these were the new books:

The Royal Conservatory of Music series seems roughly equivalent to the Suzuki Method in terms of how they selected each piece to emphasize a particular aspect or technique. (Continuing with that series will be an extracurricular activity.)

When an instructor cites a particular book, be sure to get that specific edition and from the stated publisher. Because some sheet music is in the Public Domain, not all imprints are created equal. At minimum, font weight and other typographical differences are common distinctions across editions and between publishers.

Position Pieces

Having played everything within the Royal Conservatory of Music Preparatory Level several times through, it was time to push forward.

Playing the final piece (Mozart) from that book at our first in-person session together, that became our initial benchmark. There was much room for improvement, of course, but we were not focusing on perfecting any of those performances at this time.

Points to address, as recommended by my second instructor:

New material:

Technique

First lesson with second instructor:

Third lesson:

Fifth lesson:

Subsequent lessons in months 3-5:

Basics, revisited:

Final in-person lesson:

Third Instructor

Our sessions began after my second instructor completed her Masters in Music Performance and moved away, which hit around the 1.5 year mark of my studies. My third instructor continued into my third year of lessons.

New instructor is Associate Principal with the metro area’s main orchestra, Boise Philharmonic and also performs with other orchestras, ensembles and quartets. He’s an excellent teacher with deep insights for someone who is learning.

First lessons:

His grand advice:

Do whatever helps you be successful in performing each piece of music!

If that means putting tape back on the fingerboard, do it. (It doesn’t have to be for every note. Maybe just put it for specific fingers for significant shifts, etc.)

Other items from him that have been sprinkled through relevant sections of this document:

In our second semester as teacher and student (my fourth semester with an instructor), focus shifted:

Progressing Towards Long-Term Goals

Holistic Music Education

This section is fundamental to a holistic music education. Students who started life within a musical family probably won’t need this and won’t read this far.

For the rest of us, this section is buried this deep because you likely already started with your instrument before finding this document. In that case, the following subsections would have only added to the mental burden of what you were already learning if encountered too soon.

Sometimes it’s important to just begin playing the instrument and then catch-up on becoming more of a holistic musician.

Fluency

Come back to this procedure occasionally until fluent with sightreading; e.g., approaching my third year of lessons, I’ve kept my cello in its case for a week to focus on only the first three steps.

  1. See the note on the musical score
  2. Say the note
  3. Sing, hum or audiate the note
  4. Position your Left Hand fingering for the note, and then ignore that limb
  5. Ready your Right Hand for bowing
  6. Finally, play the note

Or:

See, Say, Sing,
Left, Right, Play

This accommodates constructive practice when traveling without your instrument– the cello equivalent of “air guitar” performance.

Consider doing just the first half of the exercise: see-say-sing. That may suffice for a week but only once or twice a year.

Difficultly with sightreading or performing from sheet music can be due to the combined cognitive load of reading musical notation, perceiving sequences of notes as musical phrases (or “chunking” similar to seeing words instead of reading individual letters that comprise a word), remembering the key signature’s sharps & flats, keeping consistent time, etc. Symptoms of cognitive stalls include adding implicit rests where the score has none such as between measures or end of lines. If any of those concern you, spend more time with this process.

Bonus: when positioning fingers on the fingerboard, take advantage of notes corresponding with an open string. Use the open string for confirmation before continuing. Early books within Suzuki Method use an arrangement of each score specifically accommodating these checks where possible.

Solfége

Sing notes before playing them on an instrument.

Some of the best musicians started here before being able to read or write in their native language. (For the rest of us, better late than never!) It’s that important for becoming a better musician.

As used here, this is relative solfége. It’s sometimes called “movable Do” where Do is pronounced doe or dough.

The solfége syllables are: Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si and back to Do but an octave higher or lower, depending upon ascending or descending. Generally, however, recite these syllables in reverse order when performing a descending scale.

Some people use Ti instead of Si so that each syllable gets a unique starting letter.

(Some non-English speaking countries use these syllables for their note names rather than letters, but that’s beyond scope of this document.)

This sequence of syllables maps to notes in a scale for a given key signature (rather than each of the possible 12 notes of the Western tetrachord).

Therefore, in key of C the sequence maps to C D E F G A B C. It starts and ends with Do.

F Major uses the same sequence of syllables for representing F G A B♭ C D E F, still starting and ending with Do.

For our purposes, the solfége sequence omits any note outside of the intended key signature. It’s just for relative differentiation of notes within the same key. (Strictly speaking, variations between these syllables exist for uniquely addressing all twelve tones within equal temperament but beyond scope here.)

For committing this sequence to memory there’s a song from the movie, The Sound Of Music (1965), that will be forever stuck in your head.

Alternatively, some musicians simplify this further and just hum or use “bah” but with accurate Relative Pitch. More on that below.

The mental or visualization version of this is to audiate and equally important. (See Audiate subsection below.)

Eliminate Fingerboard Markings

This is a 2nd year goal.

For the goal of eliminating fingerboard markings such as tape, cultivate habits of doing without looking in other aspects of life. For instance, try typing on a computer keyboard without looking– bonus points for using a computer keyboard devoid of all letters, numbers and symbols. Tie shoelaces or ribbons without looking. Etc.

You can always put the tape back on, but keep trying to play without! Try it for a day or two before reapplying tape. (When using tape, remember to replace the tape every few months to keep the adhesive from marring the fingerboard, and only ever use acid-free tape like ChartPak brand art/modeling tape.)

To help you get there musically, train your ear and recollection of relative pitch, described in the next subsection.

Relative Pitch

Having relative pitch is the ability that when hearing a reference tone such as Concert Pitch A (440Hz), you can quickly identify the next pitch played.

Relative pitch also means being able to “visualize” (or mentally map) precisely how to play a particular tone and timbre (pitch and color), such as B♭ on G string.

(This differs from absolute pitch or “perfect pitch”, which is instant identification of a pitch without reliance on any reference.)

Learning relative pitch requires listening, not playing– at least initially. Listen via high-quality headphones such as around-the-ear “cans” style.

Playing becomes an important part of it eventually but doesn’t require starting there.

When performing Shifts such as from First Position to Third, use relative pitch for landing your next playing fingers on the correct locations. Do this by visualizing a mental projection or use of muscle-memory that maps where specific notes exist along the Fingerboard.

Since shifting starts from a reference tone of the note just played, you’re halfway there in terms of relative pitch. The other half is this projection of however many whole- and half-steps (tones and semitones) away for the next note based upon this technique.

For absolute beginners, this is a stretch goal. However, it’s worthwhile knowing upcoming destinations such as this for when approaching intermediate level as a cello player.

This requires knowing far more than just First Position fingering with consistent bowing, yet you can begin in parallel while also learning First Position fingering and consistent bowing technique.

Begin by recording yourself naming a particular note and then playing it.

For those of us still within the “beginner” category, using a digital tuner to find each note before recording it benefits the overall purpose of this exercise.

Do that for each note within your repertoire.

If you’re only playing in First Position, do just those notes. Once you begin Shifts, record First Position through whichever position to which you’re shifting, such as Second, Third or Fourth.

It’s beneficial that these recordings be consistent and done within a single session, so always re-record notes from previous sets especially if those were done weeks or months earlier. It also gives good comparison and contrast as you progress.

Relevant videos from Rick Beato: (no affiliation)

A subset to get started:

Practice Journal

As beginners, there isn’t much to log of our practice. As we progress towards intermediate level, however, keeping a practice journal becomes increasingly important.

Long before one year of learning cello, daily practice no longer accommodates practicing everything we’ve learned. Then, alternating days or weeks no longer fits everything that should be practiced. It becomes too easy to forget one bit or another.

As noted in First Lessons: Self-Guided above, the importance of using a metronome was known but often forgotten.

Write things down so that you can forget. This frees your mind for important things like all the aspects that we need to track to get accurate fingering and accurate bowing, let alone playing Arpeggios involving Shifts properly.

Ironically, just by writing something down we’re more likely to remember it– and with greater accuracy.

Keep a practice journal for tracking what’s being studied, how you’re learning it, when you’ve practiced it and for how long in that session:

Here’s an example of a log entry for one particular day:

Also, log when a particular technique or song was last played, but keep this list separate. A short list eases identifying techniques and pieces that would otherwise become neglected over time. Consider writing dates in pencil (yes, paper & pencil in 2022), and just noting which month is probably sufficient for beginning and intermediate students.

For instance, G Minor Melodic scale was this month, but D Major scale hasn’t been played since two months ago and rhythmic bowing (e.g., 1-4, 1-2, 3-4, 1-4) not since four months ago. That becomes useful when planning what to practice next.

Structured Practice

Various sections within Brian Hodge’s Cello Secrets: Over 100 Performance Strategies for the Advanced Cellist book address how to structure your practice.

Rick Beato’s Music Lesson - How and What To Practice On Your Instrument gives a solid overview of many of the same points.

Even though he sits in front of a piano during that video and his main instruments are guitar and bass, his advice applies to probably any instrument or voice training.

Audiate

Visualize each note before playing it.

Hear it in your head. Imagine your fingers landing on the correct position and placement. Know the relative difference from the previous note to the next note in terms of number of whole and half steps (semitones).

Audiation would be typically learned within context of a music theory class or tutor because there’s nothing specific pertaining to cello. However, this will significantly improve your cello performance.

This specifically pertains to cello for accurate shifting. It’s also part of a holistic music education.

Summary

A big part of the learning process is discovery which only comes through learning, practice, patience and perseverance. These are best when found yourself.

That said, the summary of lessons learned follows.

This section will continue to expand and be refined.

Beginnings

Instruction

Warm-up

Start on D string

Quiet

Practice, Interrupted

Pressure

Motion

Cellos

Bows

Forwards And Backwards

Care & Feeding

Sightreading

Everything with a beginning has an end

Appendix

Everything that follows should be considered appendix material.

Music Notation

An incomplete set but sufficient for a beginner:

Bass Clef

Cello music primarily uses the Bass Clef, also known as the clé de fa (F clef). When viewing the glyph as a spiral centered around a dot, that dot is located on the line representing F.

Top to bottom, the lines correspond to A F D B G, and the spaces in between are G E C.

Notes above and below the continuous lines will have a line segment sufficient for illustrating where that line would be– enough of a segment for visual identification.

For beginner cello players, the top line corresponds to the A string, the middle line to D string and bottom line to G string. The C string is represented by a note with two line segments below G, where that note has one line segment through the dot of the note.

Once beyond the beginner stage, the treble and tenor clef also may be used for higher positions.

Treble Clef

This is unlikely to be used for beginner sheet music.

The glyph used is visually similar to an ampersand symbol: &.

The treble clef is also known as the G clef, and the dot at end of the swirl resides on the line for G.

For piano this clef typically represents the Right Hand, and bass clef represents Left Hand with Middle C in between. That’s appropriate here, because Middle C is C4 and begins the fourth octave on a piano keyboard. Two ivory keys below it (to the left of Middle C) is A3 which is the A string on cello and begins the Bass Clef.

Tenor Clef

This is also unlikely to be used for beginner sheet music.

The tenor clef indicates five notes higher than the clé de fa:

It’s easy for new musicians to mistake the Tenor Clef with the Alto Clef because these are similar in appearance. The difference is that their locations on the staff differs by one line, and the Alto Clef is more commonly used by a Viola. Rather than having to remember which is which, the middle of the glyph will be centered on Middle C.

Advanced sheet music may use the Tenor Clef and Treble Clef for a cello playing in Thumb Positions (higher than Fourth Position).

Rosin, Bow Hairs & Strings

Strings

Always wipe rosin from strings after each practice and performance. High humidity will cause accumulated rosin to harden on the cello body, requiring professional cleaning to remove it without damaging the varnish or wood.

Therefore, it’s easier and cheaper to gently wipe away any rosin after each practice and performance– using a light touch with soft flannel or microfiber cloth.

For occasional deeper cleaning of strings (e.g., monthly), use extremely small amounts of distilled water (de-ionized H₂O), denatured alcohol, 99% isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol, surgical spirit) while guaranteeing absolutely none touches any varnish of the cello body.

If any touches the varnish of the cello, this may strip or damage the varnish.

When using a cleaning solution, apply it to a cloth and wipe each string while keeping it from penetrating into the core of the string. This is because modern strings (since late Twentieth Century) contain a lubricant such as rosin between the inner core and the outer winding. Cleaning solutions that reach it will deteriorate this material, causing more harm than good.

After cleaning a string, apply a bit of rosin from open bowing with all bow hairs on the string for full range from bridge to fingerboard. This may sound like a riff from 2Cellos covering Thunderstruck.

Then, if bowing produces false overtones or otherwise lackluster acoustic qualities, it might be time to replace some or all strings. Keep reading. (However, excessive overtones could indicate that the sound post needs adjustment.)

String Sets

If interested in maintaining the same brand of strings as currently on your cello, see String Identification Chart from Lashof Violins.

For perspective into cost versus tonal attribute, see interactive Cello String Chart from SHAR Music.

Possibly the lowest prices for strings and combined sets from String Emporium in Arizona via their cello-strings website. (Disclosure: purchased a lightweight cello case there.)

A common pairing of strings combines high strings from Larsen with lower strings from Thomastik. Specifically, Thomastik Spirocore for C & D.

Note that Spirocore strings eventually require less effort on attack after bowing each string for the equivalent of a few hours. However, initially these may feel “stiff” or challenging to start vibrating compared to whatever strings were previously used– including from same manufacturer.

This probably applies to both their Chrome and their Tungsten varieties, but I’ve only experienced Chrome.

(Disclosure: my 2013 cello purchased in 2022 came with that combination, and identical strings were used for replacements. I’ll experiment with full sets and other combinations in future.)

Replacing Strings

Common criteria by which many cellists decide to replace strings:

See string sets above for string combinations and related notes.

Wherever you purchased your strings, follow their recommendations for Peg Compound an Cello Rosin.

Read instructions completely and watch videos all the way through once or twice before beginning.

  1. Before you begin, prepare a safe position and orientation for the cello
  2. WARNING: changes in relative tension can lead to string breaks
  3. Replace one string at a time
  4. With the old string removed and before touching the new string, apply graphite to the bridge and nut in each notch where the string will reside
  5. Remove the tuning peg and gently wipe it clean of any dust, reside or excess Peg Compound
  6. Reapply some Peg Compound to the tuning peg:
  7. Release the fine-tuner for this string before installing the new string
  8. Insert the string into the peg using the same string hole that the previous string used
  9. Rotate the peg such that the string feeds onto the peg on top
  10. When initially rotating the peg, be certain to wind the string such that it crosses itself exactly once
  11. When rotating the peg with one hand, the other hand holds any slack in the string
  12. Before tightening the string completely, ensure no strings touch any others in the pegbox
  13. While tightening the string completely, apply resistance to the bridge with opposite hand
  14. Before finishing, stretch the string slightly
  15. Check for bridge alignment after each string
  16. Some strings require hours of bowing to be properly “played-in”

While these techniques are more complicated to read than to perform, for your initial string replacements, ask your luthier or music shop to do it while you watch and learn. Most would be happy to oblige a humble request.

References:

Rosin

When to apply more rosin to bow:

When to apply more rosin to strings:

Bow Hairs

There are several approaches to cleaning bow hair.

This should be safe for fiberglass, carbon-fiber and cheaper wooden bows like “brazilwood” because the varnish is different than that of a cello body.

For proper Pernambuco wood bows, confirm with your luthier first. Pernambuco wood bows generally use a spirit based varnish which is different than used on the cello itself, but exceptions may exist in the wild.

For occasional cleaning:

Gently brushing and then combing bow hair may be sufficient to remove excess rosin, so try that first.

Use a clean cotton cloth or soft bristle toothbrush while ensure fingers avoid direct contact with bow hairs.

For deeper cleaning:

Use distilled water (de-ionized H₂O), denatured alcohol (methylated spirits, denatured rectified spirit) or isopropyl alcohol (a primary ingredient of rubbing alcohol, surgical spirit) while the bow remains fully assembled.

(Avoid rubbing alcohol. Rubbing alcohol can be available with 91% Isopropyl but still contains impurities such as oils that will remain on bow hairs and will interfere with rosin.)

Possibly the most thorough cleaning can be done using acetone (often sold in North America as a type of fingernail polish remover). Acetone completely dissolves the tree resin present in rosin without harming bow hairs or varnish of bow.

Some luthiers use the purest alcohol available such as “Everclear” brand, but that’s not widely available.

Only do the procedure in a well-ventilated area.

Absolutely avoid getting any of those liquids on the cello!

Be prepared to work somewhat quickly when handling acetone, because it is chemically volatile– meaning that a small puddle will evaporate within several minutes at room temperature.

  1. Use a shallow bowl containing ¼ inch (1cm) deep of acetone for the bath
  2. Unwind the nut from the frog-end of the bow to release the frog from the baguette (stick)
  3. Bathe bow hairs in the bowl
  4. Dispose of contents from the bowl
  5. Refill bowl with same amount, and repeat potentially multiple times
  6. Partial drying of bow hair should be done using cotton cloth or disposable soft toilet paper (or something less textured than paper towel, more absorbent than facial tissue)
  7. Further drying may be done by waving or wiggling bow hair in the air, but be careful to avoid any spray to eyes, cello, etc.
  8. After several minutes to ensure evaporation, reassemble bow and replace nut
  9. When applying rosin to newly cleaned bow hair, more rosin than usual will be required
  10. Dispose of soiled chemicals properly:

Avoid touching bow hair with fingers, as oil from skin may impede rosin from sticking to that area.

References:

Replacing Bow Hair

Go to a competent luthier or someone specializing in bow hair replacement.

Alternatively, for those unafraid to try it yourselves:

Geared Pegs

One downside of geared pegs is that when one breaks, maintenance is required: removal and replacement. By contrast, if a wooden peg slips just before a performance due to humidity change or other circumstance, as a last resort you can always use rosin in lieu of peg compound. (Just be sure to properly clean everything afterwards.)

Also at the time of writing, there is no equivalent of “posture pegs” that are also geared pegs.

Tuning By Ear for Equal Temperament

Instead of using an app or mechanical tuner, train your ear from comparing with a sample, such as an A note from another instrument or tuning fork.

With one string in tune, the other strings may be tuned from it.

Tuning via Harmonics

You can tune a cello using harmonics, but understand that word to have very specific meaning.

For most musicians playing cello, harmonics may occur anywhere along any of the strings by lightly touching a string while it is vibrating.

Harmonics occur when lightly touching a vibrating string at one of its nodes –using terminology from physics.

The harmonic at 1/3 length of the string should be the the same note as ½ the length of the lower string, which is also a harmonic.

Base upon this principle, it’s possible to tune a cello for purposes other than playing within a full orchestra.

Accurate Tuning

If you tune your strings using harmonics alone, it will be tuned to Perfect Fifths (no “beats”– as in binaural beating) and then the D will be slightly flat, the G more flat, and the C very flat compared to the Tempered Scale used by modern orchestras.

For Equal temperament (from vstrings), compare Bach’s 3rd Suite with tuning using Perfect Fifths tuning (via harmonics), and C will sound very flat.

Competent piano tuners actively listen for the beats of a Tempered Fifth: only one or two beats per second, which is very difficult to hear on a Cello’s complex tone.

Most cellists don’t play open A, D or G for any significant length of time, so Perfect Fifths tuning isn’t noticeable. Then, they simply re-tune C higher by a little to match the orchestra “by experience” as professionals do.

t=7m24s “I emphasize that the fifths must not be in any degree wide and only slightly narrow. Do not tune using harmonics [alone]. It gives Pythagorean Fifths [which leads to the Pythagorean Comma] which the string may in many ways be false.”

“You usually see cellists using harmonics, but that’s to check that the string hasn’t slipped.”

t=9m10s Baroque uses lots of open strings, so it’s best to tune to the keyboard’s Temperament.

See also:

Tuning by Harmony

This is tuning via harmony– not “harmonics” as an experienced cellist would understand the concept:

  1. Start with a known reference tone:
  2. Tune each lower string initially by harmony:
  3. Finish tuning each string by accounting for beats or beating:
  4. When tuning this way, err higher than lower pitch:

Metronome

Gadgets:

When initially working with a metronome:

When initially working with a metronome, this introduces something new to track in your mind. Synchronizing its beats while playing creates a dynamic requiring different form of concentration. It might be mentally challenging as well as exhausting for many practice sessions. As our comfort with this tool increases, those issues fade. Give it time– time while actively practicing with it.

Lessons – Beyond The Basics

Troubleshooting

Excessive Overtones

For those relatively new to playing cello– such as with less than six months of daily practice– overtones commonly are perceived as squeaks or false notes. After several months of daily practice, those acoustic anomalies become decipherable as you observe your own patterns of playing. Reflecting upon each cause and effect, distinguishing a fundamental tone from its accompanying overtones emerges from experience.

Overtones may be inadvertently caused from various sources:

Calluses

Calluses on Left Hand fingertips require balance. Too little leads to a student’s tendency to squeeze the string to fingerboard with Left Hand. Too much can be problematic for feeling each string under your fingertips.

The tendency to squeeze can be a subconscious reaction when being unable for arm weight alone to get a string to meet the fingerboard. A consequence for missing the mark can be an unintended harmonic, ghosting or other affected audio anomaly.

Advice from other musicians regarding calluses:

Apply isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol, surgical spirit) to fingertips after playing. Moisten a cotton ball or cloth, and hold it to fingertips for a moment. Again, do this only after playing so as to avoid stripping your strings as if over cleaning them. The idea with this approach is that it helps dehydrate the fingertip area which accelerates hardening of calluses.

Working certain materials such as castor oil (Palms Christi) on the fingertips can remove callouses with very few applications. For this reason, avoid oil, cleaning products or polish on fingerboard.

While performing certain tasks, consider confining certain actions to just the bow arm’s hand such as handling olive oil when cooking. When cleaning, consider wearing gloves. Protect those precious cello callouses!

Sound Post

The sound post may move due to a variety of circumstances:

Upgrades

Upgrading Your Rental

As referenced in Second Lessons: self-guided after interruption, there may be a need or opportunity to change or upgrade your rented instrument.

In my situation, change became necessary due to relocation across national borders but also welcomed as an opportunity for upgrading because of particularities of their rent-to-own policy. (e.g., six months is “same as cash” for that specific cello; otherwise, half of rental payments apply towards a different one.)

The first acoustic cello rented in Vancouver was non-laminated with inlaid purfling yet still a student cello. It was from Gliga of Romania (“Carlton” brand, retail CAD$3000 or approximately USD$2500 in 2021). The next one in Boise was the final student model before intermediate range from Krutz (300 Series, retail USD$2800 also in 2021) but with painted simulated purfling. After regaining proficiency, the Carlton may have been a grade above that particular Krutz.

The first bow was an entry level fiberglass model, and the next rental was a woven carbon-fiber with less of a weighted tip.

The Krutz 500 series cello (USD$4300) that the shop encouraged me to also try was paired with bow she selected made from Pernambuco wood. It was a great experience but just beyond my range at merely six months as a student and the prior six weeks without access to practicing.

Practicing on instruments too far out of reach might become a source of frustration which then becomes counterproductive. For instance, this particular Pernambuco wood bow had almost no perceivable weight at the tip, which requires more dexterity of the Right Hand index finger (Finger 1) while bowing. At that time, I wasn’t quite there yet especially after a gap in practice due to relocating.

However, it was a great benchmark and set new aspirations.

The cello actually purchased in month thirteen since beginning was from another maker and approximately at or above the Krutz 700 series. While that story is for another time, a fortunate series of events contributed to the right cello coming to me. Its former owner had upgraded to a professional model, and the cello now in my possession helped that person get there.

Every cello has a story.

The process of trying a set of cellos curated by a quality violin shop or music store is sometimes called “cello tasting.”

Cases

Starting from least cost but heaviest, here are some gross generalizations:

The above guide represents a brief survey of the landscape. For instance, Gewa offers a line of “Luthier” cases sold exclusively to cello makers, not covered here.

Disclosure: I have a Gewa Air 3.9 due to walking ten blocks for lessons and possibly flying to a future cello retreat; selected white to reflect heat in the high desert climate; purchased remotely from String Emporium.

Bent or Angled Endpin

Mstislav (Slava) Rostropovich popularized using a bent endpin (spike) for his cello’s orientation laying flatter to the floor. This accommodates gravity translating through arm weight onto Left Hand fingering and Right Hand bowing. It’s also said to yield a “bigger sound”.

This orientation can result from different approaches:

Consider that a telescoping style potentially becomes a source of noise such as rattling or buzzing because of multiple parts comprising it. This is only likely to occur with significant use of the endpin but should be considered, according to forum discussions.

Due to the large angle it provides, the inner portion of this type of endpin must be shorter to fit within the cello. That in turn requires a second separate tightening mechanism.

The alternative of a button accommodating a sharper angle into the floor makes slipping less of an issue for longer yet otherwise conventional endpins.

Interviews, Blogs, Podcasts, etc.

Play everything by heart

Playing by heart frees us from reading the score during a performance and facilitates being more expressive.

A humble student recital would benefit from this too.

On thoroughly enjoying an otherwise high-stress performance

Successful performers, when asked before a big event, “Are you nervous?”, will answer, “No, I’m excited!”

The effects and symptoms of nervous stress from anxiety is physiologically indistinguishable from that of excitement from anticipation. Therefore, reframing that feeling in your mind to “excitement” can have a dramatic benefit.

When practicing for such a performance, consider walking quickly up several flights of stairs immediately before playing the piece.

Miscellaneous

The following subsections are a continual work-in-progress.

Community

Sheet Music

“Easy” For Beginners

Easy strings sheet music for beginners– print free or download in PDF:

See also: Learning Materials section above.

Trad. Tunes

Traditional Celtic music accessible to beginners and accommodating advanced cellists:

Traditional music translated from fiddle to cello generally requires transposing down by an octave, by a fifth or by both. Sometimes for best results, playing thumb positions below Fourth Position on A String becomes necessary; however, beginner songs available above have been selected that avoid that requirement.

Liz offers a detailed walk-through of this nuanced process in her excellent book, and Ilse covers it in her videos as well as in friendly and engaging video calls that are included with membership to the Play Cello Club.

Classic études

Classic études in Public Domain after copyright expired:

See also: Community section above and History below.

Software

Sheet Music software for transcribing, creating, editing and variable speed playback:

If the software synth version of other instruments is unsuitable for your needs, search the Internet for “backing tracks” or “karaoke” keywords. A well-respected brand in this field dates back to 1950, Music Minus One based just outside of New York City.

Lessons With A Soloist

According to notes within Alban Gerhardt’s patreon membership levels, fees for lessons with a soloist generally range between EUR €200 and €400 per lesson [which are greatly discounted for his Patreon subscribers, but expect that his discount may be limited to 2020-2021].

Composers

Twentieth Century:

For context, Alban Gerhardt on Patreon discusses contemporary cello concertos; e.g., his opinions on why only Dutilleux’s and Lutoslawski’s– and no other concertos– made it into the standard repertoire.

Fun

Professional Audio Recording for Cello

Considerations for aspiring students to eventually be recorded or be performing live:

Acoustic Treatment for Sound Dampening Practice Room

Cello Physics

History

Archives:

Books:

Theory

Music theory rooted in 17th Century European tradition and thought such as 12-tone Equal Temperament:

Recommended by other beginners:

Cognitive Science:

Breathe

Consider breath technique:

Beyond those basic points, reading ahead in the score while performing– including while sightreading– should give an indication. Occasionally, a modern composer discounts this dimension of a musician’s performance, but that should be the exception.

Purchasing A Cello

Common Advice: rent vs buy

Advice consistent from many, many sources:

First, rent for several months before buying anything. Rent different types to try before buying anything until you are certain of what to get.

See/hear an excerpt of A Cello Tasting where two similar models are played in sequence: one had just been made and the other had been played heavily over the prior year and a half.

Essentially, there are many factors that go into selecting a cello to buy that’s right for you.

Consider an upgrade for everything else before buying a cello:

Traditional Wooden Cellos

For finding a luthier, search for members of the various guilds and graduates of specific schools:

Quality student models originating from China but set-up & finished in Europe and/or USA:

Quality student models originating from Europe:

Bridge designs:

Pernambuco wood bows:

Arcos Brasil’s “silver” and “gold” level bows are of great quality based on balancing price with performance, and these were my personal selections upon acquiring an advanced cello. (Disclosure: I play using their “silver” tier.)

Carbon Fiber Cellos

An excerpt as stated by Ricci Carbon Instruments:

From the earliest construction of string instruments, far back in antiquity, wood has been the dominating material used.

But if the old and innovative masters had available a material with better qualities, they would have used it.

Cellos:

Carbon Fiber soundpost:

Things to consider:

From a review of Luis and Clark carbon fibre VIOLIN vs wood, mid-2017:

Older:

Future:

Looking to conventional use of carbon fiber in bicycles and aircraft, there are nuances within these materials and applications currently untapped by instrument makers.

For instance, consider that a contemporary carbon bicycle is rigid where you need it (around the bottom-bracket for stress of torque due to pedaling) for control yet flexible where you want it (the seat stay where the seat post connects) for comfort. These variants in quality exist despite being on a single object of the same bicycle frame.

That in turn is due to tight tolerances and controls over all aspects of the carbon fiber materials and manufacturing process. This includes changes in weave of the actual carbon fibers for each target location, like a quality fisherman’s sweater (pullover) with various intricate patterns.

One day musical instruments will attain this level of precision.

Until then, my preference remains with traditional tonewoods.

Checklist For Cello Inspection

What to bring

Questions For Seller

  1. How was the instrument stored?
  2. Has the instrument ever fallen?
  3. What was the temperature & humidity range?
  4. Was the instrument ever stored or played in direct sunlight?
  5. Any occurrence or risk of mold, mildew, insects, worms, etc?
  6. What kind of humidifier was used, if any?
  7. What type of varnish?
  8. Ask about age & history of installed strings:

Physical Inspection

https://stringsmagazine.com/how-to-shop-for-a-cello-priced-under-5000/

  1. No high-gloss finish
  2. No laminated wood: confirm via edges of f-holes
  3. Inlaid purfling
  4. Varnish should be in light layers
  5. Varnish should show some wood grain
  6. Varnish flame: contrasting light/dark of wood grain under varnish
  7. Real flame is iridescent: light areas become dark with change of light/vantage point and vice versa
  8. Ebony fingerboard and pegs
  9. Ideal grain of ebony seems almost perfectly smooth
  10. Pegs turn and stay?
  11. Bridge without strings being too deep or too shallow
  12. Bridge feet fit without gaps
  13. Bridge’s flat side should face tailpiece at 90 degrees to cello top
  14. Fingerboard should be straight (i.e., not warped)
  15. Fingerboard scoop: depress string at nut and bridge to see this dip
  16. String to fingerboard on A should be 0.9mm
  17. String to fingerboard on C should be 1-1.4mm
  18. Neck back should be finished with oil, not colored varnish
  19. Peg ends shouldn’t extend or be recessed too far
  20. Endpin length sufficient for your height
  21. Endpin should be removable
  22. F-hole shape is in tact– not distorted by sound post
  23. Sound post well positioned: about 1” (2.5cm-3cm) from bridge
  24. Sound post without splinters or cracks
  25. Inspect for cracks, chips, etc.
  26. Discrepancies in finish or varnish where ribs meet the front or back could indicate that the seam there has become unglued and may lead to an open seam in future

Play

  1. Tune by ear using a tuning fork, confirm with app
  2. Open strings
  3. Open strings with crossing
  4. Find the wolf:
  5. Play from a familiar score

Changelog

Document revision history:

Copyright © 2023 Daniel Joseph Pezely
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